zaterdag 21 maart 2009

Fighting opportunism, to beat revisionism 7

In the last article, I tried to prove how a cadre of the WPB succeeded to introduce IN the WPB, revisionist political concepts, using a at that time still existing form of « left » opportunism, so-called « Maoism ». With CHOSEN quotes, he let Mao « prove » the correctness of his « pseudo-Marxist » conceptions: « Mao formulate the mass line with the following words: ».
So he CHOOSES a SELECTED quote of Mao Zedong (tearing it out of the context of the original text and out of the historical context in which this text was written and out of the context of the CONCRETE problems for which Mao had written this text , to « prove« that Mao Zedong had developed a general strategically concept « THE mass line » :

« In all the practical work of our Party all correct leadership is necessarily "from the masses, to the masses". This means: take the ideas of the masses (scattered and unsystematic ideas) and concentrate them (through study turn them into concentrated and systematic ideas), then go to the masses and propagate and explain these ideas until the masses embrace them as their own, hold fast to them and translate them into action, and test the correctness of these ideas in such action. Then once again concentrate ideas from the masses and once again go to the masses so that the ideas are persevered in and carried through. And so on, over and over again in an endless spiral, with the ideas becoming more correct, more vital and richer each time. Such is the Marxist theory of knowledge.[1] »

There is no general tactic or general strategy to be applied by communists, put forward by Mao Zedong that should be titled as « The Mass Line ».
The « theory » of « the mass line » is IN FACT based on a chapter out of the « Red book of quotes of Mao Zedong » edited and promoted by
.. Lin Piao. (or Lin Biao )… and with a recommending foreword of….. Liu Chiaochi
Each quote comes out different texts of Mao Zedong (and that texts were written by Mao Zedong for different purposes: they are speeches, general texts used for formation or teaching, texts that give a concrete guideline based on a concrete analyse of a concrete problem/situation that was THEN actual - but is now historical)
Communists or communist organisation that are defining themselves as « Maoist « or as basing themselves on Marxism Leninism and the Thought of Mao Zedong, JUST BECAUSE they are PRIORITAR applying « the mass line », have - that is my opinion and experience - a problem to develop a fundamental concrete program or strategy towards the socialist revolution that they once will have to lead and with which they have to mobilise the workers to get organised in function of that revolution and with which they can discuss with the workers to direct their struggle in that direction..
They have perhaps true revolutionary and communist ambitions:
They are convinced that capitalism has to be overthrown, capitalists has to be expropriate, the workers organised in one big mass organisation of struggle has to take the power and that has to be leaded by the vanguard IN THE WORKING CLASS by raising the majority of the workers step by step to that vanguard position. The vanguard of the working class has therefore to be organised in one communist party. The program, the communist party, the organisation of the mass of the workers are in function of that concrete revolution (being a part of the world revolution) in a concrete part of the world. (that is conceived as « the capitalist state apparatus that has to broken down»)……
But they have only general ideas(you can say dogmatic ideas) based on a - that is my opinion- wrong way of applying Marxism.
So it is NOT the question if I consider those individuals or organisations as REVISIONIST. I am saying that those individuals or organisations, having real revolutionary and communist ambitions, are allowing, or are blind for, some forms of opportunism.
And this opportunism -that is my opinion and experience- is used CONSCIOUSLY by revisionist ( you can say « renegade ») individuals or fractions to develop a revisionist line in that circle of revolutionaries or in revolutionary organisations (I gave an example in the last article, you can read here)

Now about the quote of Mao out of the Red Book of quotes of Mao
The quote her above is out of
"Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 119.
What is the context of the quote, and what is the context of the text itself?
The beginning of the text gives already the context:

« 1. There are two methods which we Communists must employ in whatever work we do. One is to combine the general with the particular; the other is to combine the leadership with the masses.
2
. In any task, if no general and widespread call is issued, the broad masses cannot be mobilized for action. But if persons in leading positions confine themselves to a general call if they do not personally, in some of the organizations, go deeply and concretely into the work called for, make a break-through at some single point, gain experience and use this experience for guiding other units then they will have no way of testing the correctness or of enriching the content of their general call, and there is the danger that nothing may come of it. In the rectification movement of 1942, for example, there were achievements wherever the method of combining the general call with particular and specific guidance was used, but there were no achievements wherever this method was not used. In the rectification movement of 1943, each bureau and sub-bureau of the Central Committee and each area and prefectural Party committee, in addition to making a general call (a rectification plan for the whole year), must do the following things, gaining experience in the process.[2] »

There is a presumption here by Mao Zedong of the existence and the knowledge of that « general call ». That is NOT a « general apology » to revolution in very general words, to « overthrow capitalism » formulated in very general words and to destroy «the » capitalist state (very general defined)in very general words..
No, that is a very CONCRETE « what is to be done? » (like that of Lenin)

You can read this concrete formulation« what is to be done? » proposed by Mao to the CCP and the Chinese workers in different articles, document and speeches of Mao in Selected Works II. For example:

- POLICIES, MEASURES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR RESISTING THE JAPANESE INVASION FOR THE MOBILIZATION OF ALL THE NATIONS FORCES FOR VICTORY IN THE WAR OF RESISTANCE
-PROBLEMS OF STRATEGY IN GUERRILLA WAR AGAINST JAPAN
-ON PROTRACTED WAR
-THE ROLE OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE NATIONAL WAR THE QUESTION OF INDEPENDENCE AND INITIATIVE WITHIN THE UNITED FRONT
-PROBLEMS OF WAR AND STRATEGY
-THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
- ON NEW DEMOCRACY

There is in no way any historical analogy of the situation and the problems that were confronting the CCP and the Chinese people in 1943, by which you can say that the guideline that Mao proposed to the cadres and members of the CCP in « Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" can count in general for all communists and all communist parties in the world in all concrete situations. And surely not arbitrarily ONE ISOLATED guideline (the quote in the beginning of this article coming out of the Little Red Book) out of a whole and putting that as FIRST decisive guideline: « The mass line ».
When a communist of a communist party is doing this, then this is - to my opinion - OPPORTUNISM. The base of that opportunism occurring by some communists or communist organisations is - as I see it - that they have NO concrete « general call » or having no sight on, how to develop such a concrete « general call », or capitulating for their first task: develop such a concrete« general call » or a « what is to be done? »:

A concrete analyse of the actual state of the capitalism and what are the implications on the part of the world where you as communists are living and working (and struggling); what will be the biggest contribution to the final world revolution that those communists can make. So making a class analyse of that part of the world where those communists are living and placing for example that part of the working class that lives in that same part of the world.
What are the objective tasks of that part of the working class in the world, living in that part of the world where you as communists are living? And so coming to the formulation of a as concrete and clear as possible program for those communists, leading to the conclusions how to organise and to mobilise that part of the world the proletariat for that concrete part or concrete step of the world-revolution and how the communists (as the vanguard of the working class) should organise themselves.
While having themselves not a concrete and correct « general call », some communists or communist organisations are saying : « It are the masses, or the working class whois not yet ready or not yet convinced for « that general call ». So, those communists are saying: « In the meantime and waiting until the working class will develop revolutionary aspirations, we have to « apply the mass line ». We will take what we will see (after some investigation) as the actual highest aspirations of the masses in their struggle and we will help them with their struggle round those ‘actual highest possible aspirations’ ». In fact those « centralised highest possible actual aspirations » are the highest possible political goals
…… in the heads of those communists. They have to ask themselves: « Are we still convinced of the necessity and possibility of the revolution? »….
In a idealistic and activist (and in fact ECONOMIST) way they are « helping the masses and leading them in their actual struggle until they will develop (out of themselves?) more revolutionary aspirations and accept then our leadership for that revolutionary struggle »

And that opportunism
(not having a clear sight on what revolution you once will have to lead, and for what revolution you have to mobilise the masses and make the masses conscious of) is the base of a possible emerging of revisionists among those communists or in that communist party: « renegades » who have no belief anymore in the possibility of revolution and are most willing to develop a « Marxist sounding line » of postponing revolution to a far utopian future and making of revolution and socialism a vague utopian (in fact not to realise « ideal ») something.
« Meanwhile », so the revisionists will say, « our task is: reforming capitalism ».
How this happened in the WPB, how opportunism gave the possibility of installing a REVISIONIST leadership in the WPB, I will develop further in the next article.


[1] Citaten van Voorzittter Mao Tsetoeng, (het rode boekje), Uitgeverij Vereniging België China, 1971, p.136-137. But IN FACT coming out of: "Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 119.

[2] « Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 119.

vrijdag 20 maart 2009

Fighting opportunism, to beat revisionism 6

After having analysed already several parts of « Party of the Revolution » being texts that were proposed by cadres, amended and voted by the delegates (included myself)on the 5th congress of the WPB in 1995. (you can read here a regularly updated translation of that book), I will now make a first analyse of some conceptions in a specific text in « Party of the Revolution » namely: Chapter III, part 3.
(I began my analyse of that book here. The last article I wrote just before that you are reading now, you can read here, about the place of this analyse in all the articles I wrote about revisionism you can read here)

There was at least one cadre IN the WPB (Workers Party of Belgium, wpb.be, pvda.be or ptb.be), who had NEVER laid down his BOURGEOIS conceptions. Or the leadership of the WPB had decided that he had to make a proposal-text for the 5th congress (in 1995), or he WANTED himself to make a proposal-text for the congress trying to IMPOSE his bourgeois conceptions once and for good to the REVOLUTIONARY, MARXIST and COMMUNIST party that was the WPB until then (under the EFFECTIVE leadership of Ludo Martens until 1995).
That cadre made the biggest part (with perhaps cooperation of other cadres - that were perhaps not consciously BOURGEOIS, but who had at least OPPORTUNIST conceptions) of the text that forms now: chapter III, part 3 of the book « Party of the Revolution ».
I will now just analyse some points out of this chapter, just to put them in CONTRADICTION with other texts (now forming other chapters of that same book) proposed, amended and voted on THAT SAME 5th CONGRESS! I analysed some of those other texts already, here and here.
To INTRODUCE his bourgeois conceptions and ideas INTO the party, that cadre CREATED a « Marxist-sounding » analyse CHOOSING a « main problem »(as much as A-political as possible, and as A-political formulated as possible):

« Bureacratism installs itself step by step under the cadres; it is fading the fundamental conceptions about mass line. »

And with a LIE « Mao formulate the mass line with the following words: » he CHOOSES a SELECTED quote of Mao Zedong (tearing it out of the context of the original text and out of the historical context in which this text was written and out of the context of the concrete problems for which Mao had written this text - I will explain this later):

« In all the practical work of our Party all correct leadership is necessarily "from the masses, to the masses". This means: take the ideas of the masses (scattered and unsystematic ideas) and concentrate them (through study turn them into concentrated and systematic ideas), then go to the masses and propagate and explain these ideas until the masses embrace them as their own, hold fast to them and translate them into action, and test the correctness of these ideas in such action. Then once again concentrate ideas from the masses and once again go to the masses so that the ideas are persevered in and carried through. And so on, over and over again in an endless spiral, with the ideas becoming more correct, more vital and richer each time. Such is the Marxist theory of knowledge.[1] »

(My statement « a LIE » and « PICKING a CHOOSEN quote out of a context » I will treat in a separated article with this quote of Mao as a concrete example.)
Based on this quote (and other quotes, even from Stalin - but I will treat this all when I analyse the whole chapter III, part 3) this cadre can now give a « Marxist » view on his BOURGEOIS conceptions, or at least on conceptions that are in CONTRADICTION with other, more real revolutionary, conceptions among cadres and members at that moment.

His conception about a revolutionary, communist party:

« To win the faith (the confidence) of the masses, to organise the masses around the party: that are the essential tasks for the preparation of the socialist revolution. We can make the revolution not alone with the party and the « pure politics ».The party need transmission belts, she had to do efforts to influence the mass of workers that have not yet the same high consciousness or level of organisation as the vanguard. We have to learn to lead forms of organisations that are not « pure ».
The communist militants have to be everywhere where the masses are struggling and undertake political action.
We have to mobilise the masses, stimulate their sense of initiative and creativity round those points that are interesting for the party. We have to concentrate the right ideas, voice their concrete interests, but also on a appropriate way and easy to understanding way, bring our essential revolutionary ideas in their minds. (
)
Implementing the mass line means putting dialectical materialism into practice. »

The socialist revolution is here a vague and not very concrete happening, lying in a far (utopian) future. Meanwhile and in a long, long, « preparation of the socialist revolution »: « We have to mobilise the masses, stimulate their sense of initiative and creativity round those points that are interesting for the party. We have to concentrate the right ideas, voice their concrete interests, but also on a appropriate way and easy to understanding way, bring our essential revolutionary ideas in their minds. »
Here is a reformist speaking who want to win as much as possible people for the program of reforms of capitalism
……. To VOTE on the party in elections and so get party-cadres ELECTED in the parliament (…regional or national parliament - European parliament is impossible while having only a NATIONAL program of reforms as we will see later - or city-council).

His conceptions of Scientific socialism or dialectical and historical materialism or.. Marxism:

« The essentials of materialism is to take notice in all objectivity knowledge of all facts, all experiences, proposals and ideas of the (mass-) base.
The essentials of dialectics is with the aid of Marxism Leninism, analyse al those givens and divide the positive aspects from the negative aspects. »

In fact he is here pleading for …… empirism.

His conceptions about program, strategy and tactics and the primary tasks and way of life of a communist:

« To work out a correct political line and tactic, it is necessary to do inquiries/investigations about the impact of the work of the party en about the conceptions of the masses.()
To make a balance means: concentrate the right ideas, centralise the best experiences of the masses.(
)
To be able to make the revolution, the masses has to be schooled in the party line.
How can communists educate the masses?(
)
The teacher has to start from the points that his pupils understand, to bring them to new knowledge. The party has not to start with « the right line » and than to spread them over the masses, without asking herself the question if they can follow.
It happen often that we announce « the right point of view », and that the masses to whom we direct ourselves, uncouple.
Each time we direct ourselves to the masses (school pupils, third world activists, students, unionists) we have first to take notice of their level and their questions, and than to make them some political steps forward.
We have to do efforts to formulate the right slogans, but we have to confront our proposals with the point of view of the vanguard. Formulations that are incomprehensive for the vanguard, will not be understood by the masses.(
)
«
Take the bucket where he stands », putting ourselves on the level of the masses, means that we can not limit ourselves in our discussions to what is strictly necessary to make accept our political line. We have to learn to « adapt » ourselves to the masses, participating at their activities and introduce elements of the political line to them on moments when they can understand them and defend them.
When we talk not enough with the people, when we participate not in their struggles, even on secondary points, than we can never win them for the most important goals.
To unite the unionists on certain class positions, we have to know first very well their characteristics, their political and ideological points of view and their strong and weak points.We have to know the most left ideas that are living among them and base ourselves on those.
When we have only notice for a « correct » and « Marxist Leninist » point of view, without consideration with the own political characteristics of those circles and with tactical questions, we will never obtain a strong foundation in the union. The honest unionists will have the impression that we listen not to them, that we put ourselves allways on the foreground, that we exagerate, etc..(
)
With the actual level of the masses, it is impossible for them to recognise us as « their » party, when we take not their concrete and daily needs seriously. We have to be the best defenders of those interests, but we have also to succeed to connect those interests with the big lines of our national and international program.
The party has to profile herself and make understandable her own revolutionary character to the broad masses throughout campaigns of defending their interests, through the struggle around social economic themes where the people are concerned about. The party has to extend her influence by agitation, to do campaign and eventually to obtain little but concrete results and victories.
By agitation and action the party have to make her been recognised as the only party that really is defending the interests and values where to the masses are the most attached: a worthy an human job, free medical care, democratic social (union) elections, legal protection of the union delegates (stewards?), an alternative to make the rich pay the crisis, etc

Not concerning « the salt and the oil », as Mao said, is leftism an misappraisal for the masses. Someone that is really concerned with the real problems that are concerning the masses may not be condemned to be an economist or a humanist. It depends how to handle those problems. Is he using them to spread reformist or humanitarian ideology or to educate the masses in a revolutionary spirit and line.(
) »

Here is someone speaking who is developing a line to win « the masses for the party » from the outer side of the mass of workers involved into class struggle. This is a party cadre, an intellectual, who has never decided definitively to become part of the working class (as many other party members and cadres did) and so become a worker accepted by his co-workers to be someone with more vanguard conceptions, and to be accepted to play a leading role in their class struggle situations and so trying to raise level of consciousness by a much of his co-workers as possible (step by step, basing on the experiences they get out of their own participation to the class struggle) to the task: to organise themselves in a way adapted to the revolution they once will lead.
This cadre is speaking in terms to make propaganda for a program of reforms of capitalism. That program is worked out on points that could interest people (therefore the « investigations » to detect what is « the salt and the oil » for the masses.

His concrete proposals to ADAPT the party ORGANISATION to his revisionist POLITICAL line:

« We are a political party directed on leading the masses and organising therefore the vanguard(..)
The communists have to know the most urgent needs and problems of the masses, take them firmly to organise the masses and to raise mass organisations.(
)
Apply the mass line means also to mobilise the progressive powers to participate in projects of the party and mobilise powers of the party to support initiatives that are organised by progressive powers(
.)
To give correct leadership, one has to have a clear idea about the reality on the level of the basic cells (the basic groups) and the middle cadre has to be so conceived that the national leaderships is connected with the (party-) base(
…).
On ground level, the party has to have a mass character. With stereotype methods of organisation, we will never be able to use all those numerous forces that hang round the party
.
There has to be investigations to suitable ideas, projects and methods to make a good use of the will to action of the masses and the will to organise themselves for action.. We have to made simplified cells/base groups adapted to the level of the workers. We have enough material to allow to have a permanent, continuous sustained and rich work to the base cells/base groups. With all that the party produces today, the simplified base cells/base groups can develop a broad and efficient activity. »

While using words as « vanguard » and « the leading role » he is pleading for a MASS-party to which as much as people are organised who are willing defend one or two points of the party program of reforms in enthusiast way ….. So winning possible votes in elections later on.
IN FACT he is defending a party-conception like that of the menchevics to which Lenin (and with him the bolchevics) OPPOSED.

Two opposed lines accepted on one congress
The conceptions about party and its vanguard role, class struggle, mobilising the masses, the function of propaganda and agitation etc. in the text ( in chapter III, part 3 of « Party of the Revolution ») proposed by a certain cadre and accepted on the 5th congress of the WPB in 1995 « proved » with quotes of Mao Zedong, are in CONTRADICTION with the conceptions in other parts in other documents proposed by other cadres an accepted ON THE SAME congress (and now ALSO in « Party of the Revolution ». Read for yourself some of those OTHER parts with totally OTHER conceptions:

« The masses make the history. Only the masses can on crucial moments in history form a material force capable to destroy old politic structures with violence. The mobilisation of the masses for the class struggle has to stay in the centre of communist activity. But the mass actions, how hard they are, are not preparing automatically the revolution. Two conditions are therefore necessary.
During the mass actions the workers have to assimilate a political line learning them that the bourgeoisie is the class enemy; that they have to overthrow her, breaking her state apparatus and expropriate her. There is the task for communists to make the struggling masses overcome their spontaneous ideas and to educate them the socialist ideology.
The mass struggle is needed to lead to organise the vanguard and the masses. Outside the organisation there is no staying political and ideological progress. Only the organisation creates the possibility to make from a certain struggle the spring board for new, more conscious and firmer struggle. (
)
A communist has to acquire first of all a revolutionary class position. That means a definitive engagement at the side of the exploited workers., also a choice for revolutionary class struggle and a knowledge of the fundamental changes that occurs in the revolutionary class struggle.
In the vision of communists the struggle for reforms has to prepare the future revolution, raise the revolutionary consciousness. A communist party measures the results of a partial struggle to the answer on two decisive questions: did the struggle make progress the revolutionary organisation and does it strengthen the revolutionary consciousness? (
)
Lenin explain clearly that the fundamental purpose of the class struggle exists in preparing the masses on revolution, make them conscious of their irreconcilable antagonism with the bourgeoisie. Because they are preparing the revolution, the communist party supports only those reforms that strengthen the independence of the working class and her consciousness. The party uses the struggle for reforms to organise the workers in the party.(
)
Lenin writes:
“We must choose”—this is the argument the opportunists have always used to justify themselves, and they are using it now. Big things cannot be achieved at one stroke. We must fight for small but achievable things. How do we know whether they are achievable? They are achievable if the majority of the political parties, or of the most “influential” politicians, agree with them. The larger the number of politicians who agree with some tiny improvement, the easier it is to achieve it. We must not be utopians and strive after big things. We must be practical politicians; we must join in the demand for small things, and these small things will facilitate the fight for the big ones. We regard the small things as the surest stage in the struggle for big things.
That is how all the opportunists, all the reformists, argue; unlike the revolutionaries.
[2]
“There is a social-liberal trend which demands the repeal of the anti-socialist laws, a reduction of the working day, insurance against illness, and so on. A fairly large section of the bourgeoisie supports these demands. Do not repel it by tactless conduct, offer it a friendly hand, support it, and then you will be practical politicians, you will achieve small, but real benefits for the working class, and the only thing that will suffer from your tactics will be the empty words about “revolution”. You cannot make a revolution now, in any case.
One must choose between reaction and reform[3]
Lenin explained clearly that the fundamental goal of the class struggle is to prepare the masses for the revolution, to make them conscious about their not to conciliate antagonism with the bourgeoisie.(
).
Lenin writes:
According to the theory of socialism, i.e., of Marxism (non Marxist socialism is not worth serious discussion nowadays), the real driving force of history is the revolutionary class struggle; reforms are a subsidiary product of this struggle, subsidiary because they express unsuccessful attempts to weaken, to blunt this struggle
Actually, reforms are won as a result of the revolutionary class struggle, as a result of its independence, mass force and steadfastness.
By up holding our old revolutionary slogans in their entirety, we strengthen the actual struggle
All that is false and hypocritical in these reforms we leave to the Cadets; all that is of positive value in them we utilise ourselves.[4] ()
Lenin criticised the Russian opportunists in 1905 with the following words: «
…People of a philistine, petty-bourgeois type are weary of the revolution. A little, drab, beggarly but peaceful legality is preferable to the stormy alternations of revolutionary outbursts and counter-revolutionary frenzy. Inside the revolutionary parties this tendency is expressed in a desire to reform these parties. Let the philistine become the main nucleus of the party: “the party must be a mass party”. Down with illegality, down with secrecy, which hinders constitutional “progress”! The old revolutionary parties must be legalised. And this necessitates a radical reform of their programmes in two main directions: political and economic. We must drop the demand for a republic and the confiscation of the land, we must discard our clearly defined, uncompromisingly sharp and tangible exposition of the socialist goal and represent socialism as a “remote prospect”, as Mr. Peshekhonov has expressed it with such inimitable grace. [5]» (…)
In our party still exist petty bourgeois conceptions that put a brake on revolutionary practice
The developing of a revolutionary practice demands three conditions: develop class struggle and lead it, raise the political consciousness of the masses and organise the vanguard, the advanced part in the party, while bringing together the masses in broad organisations under the leadership of the party. »

The conceptions in these parts coming out other chapters than chapter III, part 3, are mostly « proved » with quotes of Lenin. To my opinion this is a opportunist way of doing: « proving statements with chosen quotes » )
So the « Maoist » cadre that wrote the text chapter III, part 3, does he want now« revising » « Marxism-Leninism »?
Or is he trying to prove with quotes of Mao, that Lenin is wrongly « quoted »(in text proposed to the congress by other party cadres) to prove in the eyes of that cadre « dogmatic or leftist » conceptions in those texts or by those cadres?
In fact he is using the concept of « the mass line » (proved by chosen quotes of Mao) to win the party for in fact MENCHEVIC conceptions. His concept of « the mass line » is in CONTRADICTION with the BOLCHEVIC conceptions. But a close study of whole texts of Mao Zedong will show you that Mao Zedong always supported the BOLCHEVIC conceptions (formulated by Lenin) and opposed all MENCHEVIC conceptions as they emerged sometimes in the CCP. Because I am sure that that cadre knew all this (I got perhaps my first formation in Marxism from him..!) I say that that cadre is revisionist.
To my opinion it is a clear example that concessions to opportunism by revolutionaries creates the danger of the emerging of revisionism in their communist organisations.
In a manipulative way this cadre, having already for a long time revisionist conceptions, succeeded to win the majority of the delegates on the 5th congress of the WPB in 1995 (and I was one of them…) for a revisionist line with pseudo-Marxist arguments about « the mass-line ». I will argue this last statement of me in the next article.


[1] Citaten van Voorzittter Mao Tsetoeng, (het rode boekje), Uitgeverij Vereniging België China, 1971, p.136-137. But IN FACT coming out of: "Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 119.

[2] Encore a propos du ministere de la Douma, in Oeuvres Deel 11,Editions sociales Parijs,Editions du Progrès Moskou, 1966, p.65 / Out of “Once Again About the Duma Cabinet”, Published: Ekho, No. 6, June 28, 1906. Published according to the Ekho text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1965, Moscow, Volume 11, pages 69-73. Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2004). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

[3] ibidem, p.66-67

[4] ibidem, p. 67-68.

[5] Lenin, « L‘esprit petit bourgeois dans les milieux révolutionaires« , in Oeuvres deel 11, Edtitions sociales Parijs, editions du Progrès, Moscou, 1966, p. 25./ « Philistinism in Revolutionary Circles », Published: Proletary, No. 6, October 29, 1906. Published according to the Proletary text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1965, Moscow, Volume 11, pages 246-256. Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2004). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

dinsdag 17 maart 2009

Fighting opportunism, to beat revisionism 5

In the last article of this serie(you can read it here) I analysed the introduction of the first chapter (« The organisation of a party of the bolchevic type » ) out of the book « The Party of the Revolution » (you can read here a regularly updated translation of that book). In this book all the proposed, amended and voted texts of the 5th congress of the Workers Party of Belgium in 1995, are put together, of course edited for the book and accompanied with some « introductions » and « clarifications ». Although it SEEMED to be a whole with ONE political and ideological line, this is not the case. Study of the book shows that there are contradictory statements and conceptions in it. That is because the texts are written to be proposed on that congress by cadres of whom some had more authentic revolutionary conceptions, some had revolutionary conceptions but also showed some opportunism. And at least one text, of one cadre is revisionist. At the time of the congress, and the years after the congress, those contradictions were not noticed by the delegates (at least not by me, being also delegate at that congress)
In the last article I analysed that although the title of the chapter was « The organisation of a party of the bolchevic type » the line of the introduction of that chapter was more that of the Mensheviks.
Ok, I will now proceed with the rest of that chapter.
After the introduction of the first chapter, the first chapter proceed with some facts out of the history of the WPB:

« Our party is founded in September 1970, when the decision is made to build a Marxist Leninist organisation, with the main task to place itself in the working class.
The leading group, coming out of the miners strike in the province
Limburg, became the core of AMADA (Alle Macht Aan De Arbeiders (All Power To The workers), with which other comrades joined that were active in the struggle of the workers in other regions. The editorial committee of the newspaper was in fact the centre of the organisation.
In July 1971 for the first time a permanent leading bureau was installed, with the task to begin with building the party out of the top.
This decision had a very positive effect on the whole of the organisation. The working-out of the political line was stimulated, the central leadership was working on the unifying of the whole organisation around ONE single line, the central guidelines have strengthened the bounds of the party with the masses of the workers, the orderly and positive work of the cells (base groups) was stimulated by central guidelines.
Two fundamental mistakes has caused the disappearance of this first central group.
First. We were not enough conscious about the necessity to organise systematically the struggle between two lines in the leading organ. The vigilance against our own bourgeois conceptions and points of view was not enough developed.
Therefore there was a lack of study of Marxism Leninism in a spirit of class struggle to eliminate those bourgeois conceptions. The division of the bureau in a political bureau and an organisational bureau, result in the facts the absence of one unified political leadership. The organisational bureau developed a economist line. This was criticised by the political bureau, but the latter one has not organised a real struggle around this, nor made a systematic analyse to eliminate this economist line to the bottom. This worsened the situation.
Secondly. The bureau succeeded not to have a permanent and lively bound with the practice and with the masses. For to lead, they started more and more out of their theoretical knowledge of Marxism Leninism and applied idealism and apriorism. The concrete grip on the practice of the militants and on the class struggle weakened and they succeeded not to grasp the specific an the concrete and to analyse it. Idealism, the giving through of conceptions that were obtained on theoretical manner, came in the place of the fusion of Marxism Leninism with the concrete reality of the revolutionary struggle. »

The UNDERESTIMATING of the political problems and contradictions in the introduction of the first chapter[1] (political problems of which the description in the introduction-chapter of the book itself showed, that they were serious[2]) and than to conclude arbitrarily that the most important problem in the party is ORGANISATIONAL, is making a scission between POLITICAL line an ORGANISATIONAL line. That form of opportunism is in fact CRITICISED in the text here above. The historical FACTS about the history of the party are forming together that CRITIC.
Consequently it is said in that chapter how important are the political and ideological capacities of the cadres. In fact they are decisive, is concluded:

« The existence of a stabile core of good formed cadres is of decisive importance for the strengthening of the party and for the victory of the revolution.
We know out of experience that the forming of such a core is a work of long breath.
Such a core can just definitively be constructed through the participation of the most fierce class struggle and through repetitively movements of struggle against opportunist lines.
This process of long duration has to be consciously been organized, by the selection, the education, to test new cadres and to permanently watching over the health of older cadres.
Lenin has handled that central question in his first big work about the party « What is to be done? ».(
…)
The experience with the first permanent bureau learned us that the problem of the continuous transformation of the conception of the world is the central problem of all leading cadres.
Bureaucratism, cutting oneself from the masses and the practice, lack of concern for study, but also intellectualism, peaceful coexistence with opportunist conceptions: all this mistakes came to the surface in the former permanent bureau .
Only an intense and ongoing struggle for transformation of the conception of the world can allow us to conquer systematically these mistakes and weaknesses. (
)
The leadership of a organisation decides the nature of it.
A real communist party is put into practice, a conscious policy to bring together in her leading organs the most revolutionary, the most conscious and the most experienced revolutionaries together.
.)
The highest cadres have to have above all attention for questions that decide about the orientation and the future of the whole of the party. First of all they have to give attention to the working out of the political statements about the essential problems that are concerning the masses, the working out of guidelines that direct the practice and the analyse of the most important weak points of the party and of the leadership.
But very often it happens that the discussions are directed to those points for which the cadres has spontaneously their attention because they occur in the actuality. That means that the conception of the building of the party out of the top is not really understood. »

And then follows another historical lesson (this time out of the history of the CPSU), that warns all party members (in 1995) for something that has now happened in the WPB itself (between 2004 and the 8th congress in 2008):

« The party can also be destroyed out of the top
Kruchnev and Bresnjev have taken the power in the bolsjevic party; they have slowly step by step oppressed all ideological and political principles of bolchevism. They have fired the revolutionary cadres under the pretext that they were « Stalinists ». They allowed the development of Bukharinist, social democratic, nationalist tendencies beside all kinds of bourgeois and petty bourgeois tendencies.
The party has become a revisionist party. The great glorious bolchevic party is dismantled out of the top.
We have to take attention to the causes of the fall or the deterioration of the leading cadres, to pull lessons out of it and to take efficient political measures.
It is of the highest importance that we take care that the struggle between two lines can taken place in the national bureau. »

So until now we can say that in some parts of the book (and so in the conception of some cadres who proposed their text to the 5th congress), there is an underestimating of the importance of the POLITICAL line. But in other parts (and so in the conceptions of other cadres) it is clearly said that: It is the political struggle between two lines and the continuous POLITICAL fight against forms of opportunism, and this from top to bottom in the party, that decides about the outcome of the organisational work.
We will see now how in the rest of the first chapter there are made some important lessons, conclusions and remarks. But in the analyse of them, and in their formulation you will see that there is some « contamination » of opportunism.

« 3. Study Marxism Leninism fight revisionism
3.1. Get a general knowledge of Marxism Leninism
The party cadres must study Marxism Leninism as a science
.
The cadres must do all efforts to know in several years all fundamental works. That will help them to find their way in the most occurring problems

(then a whole list of works from Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Enver Hodja)

We must have special attention to the study of dialectical materialism, that lays on the base of Marxism.
Lenin has given always much attention to the study of dialectical materialism. All his works are concrete examples of applying of dialectical materialism and can be studied out of that viewpoint
»

Here is an opportunist conception about « what is Marxism, about what means « being a Marxist » and « knowing and applying Marxism »: Marxism is « having a good encyclopaedically knowledge of the content of a much as possible works of Marxists who are beyond all doubt ». That encyclopaedically knowledge you have to use to analyse and to solve problems. You can read this conception in the first three sentences in the next part of the same chapter:

« 3.2. Realise the concrete unity between theory and practice.
To lead the revolution, one can not be satisfied with ready Marxist schemes and formulations. The anti capitalist struggle and anti imperialist struggle has more than ever an international character and is playing in a very complex world.
We have to apply Marxism Leninism creatively so we can in such a complex situation bring the revolutionary struggle step by step forward.
The revolutionary theory comes forth out of the practice and stands in service of the practice.
The right opportunists like to tell that « one has to start out of the practice ». In fact they want to say: « Stay on the surface, hold to what is direct reach and to the spontaneous movement ».
The Marxists have to start from the practice and the numerous problems that appears out of it. They have to base themselves on inquiries/investigations and research and formulate statements in the light of Marxism Leninism.
We do the effort to grasp the problems that come forward out of the practice of the class struggle on national and international level. How better we are capable to formulate the fundamental problems clearly and thoroughly out of the practice, how more fruitful will be our study. »

Here is also made a contradiction between theory and practice that is later « proved » by some quotes of Mao Zedong. But in the rest of the same text out of which those quotes are chosen, you can see that the contradiction between theory and practice is treated by Mao far more dialectically.
These opportunist « contaminations » make it possible that a real revisionist text (chapter III, part
3 in « Party of the Revolution) has passed the discussions and voting on the 5th congress. And as we will see later that THAT text was the weapon, the instrument for the revisionists to take over the leadership of the party, WITHOUT much reaction or protest of the majority of the members.
Further:

« 4. Engaging yourself in the practice and in the revolutionary class struggle
A revolutionary has to know the world and change him. In 1845 Marx wrote in
Brussels his « statements about Feuerbach ». In this he wrote: « philosophers have just interpreted the world in different manners, but now it depends on it to change him (..) there are people needed to change the circumstances and the educator has to be educated. () the coinciding of changing the circumstances with the human activity and the self-change can only be conceived as revolutionary practice. »

This rather dialectical view is somehow lost in the text of 5th congress itself when it is says:

« A communist start in the practice and of the engagement in the struggle. He studies Marxism Leninism with the only goal: to ameliorate his practice and struggle. Mao said:
«
The dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge places practice in the primary position, »
«
it emphasizes the dependence of theory on practice, emphasizes that theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. »
«
If you want knowledge, you must take part in the practice of changing reality
«
Marxism emphasizes the importance of theory precisely and only because it can guide action»
[3] . »

Here are that chosen quotes out of a text of Mao to « prove »the correctness of the statements in the part 3.2. (see above) by Mao himself. But this conclusions in those quotes are JUST A PART and JUST ONE SIDE of what Mao said in the whole text.
With those « opportunist contaminations » the following conclusion in the first chapter is somehow « lost ». We will see that the revisionist text (chapter III, part 3) will make a conclusion that is in OPPOSITION with the following:

« The masses make the history. Only the masses can on crucial moments in history form a material force capable to destroy old politic structures with violence. The mobilisation of the masses for the class struggle has to stay in the centre of communist activity. But the mass actions, how hard they are, are not preparing automatically the revolution. Two conditions are therefore necessary.
During the mass actions the workers have to assimilate a political line learning them that the bourgeoisie is the class enemy; that they have to overthrow her, breaking her state apparatus and expropriate her. There is the task for communists to make the struggling masses overcome their spontaneous ideas and to educate them the socialist ideology.
The mass struggle is needed to lead to organise the vanguard and the masses. Outside the organisation there is no staying political and ideological progress. Only the organisation creates the possibility to make from a certain struggle the spring board for new, more conscious and firmer struggle. »

This is « proved » with quotes of Lenin (here below), in fact an opportunist way of doing. But this time the context of those quotes are better respected, and so those quotes more correctly « prove » the statements that are made and the conceptions that are given. But CONTRADICTORY - and to my opinion revisionist - analyse, statements and conception are ALSO « proved » by quotes (of Mao Zedong) But I will prove that there the context is NOT respected.
But to my opinion, « prove » a conception with chosen quotes of Marx, Lenin or Mao is a in fact an (opportunist) IDEALIST way of « applying Marxism ».

« A communist has to acquire first of all a revolutionary class position. That means a definitive engagement at the side of the exploited workers., also a choice for revolutionary class struggle and a knowledge of the fundamental changes that occurs in the revolutionary class struggle.
In the vision of communists the struggle for reforms has to prepare the future revolution, raise the revolutionary consciousness. A communist party measures the results of a partial struggle to the answer on two decisive questions: did the struggle make progress the revolutionary organisation and does it strengthen the revolutionary consciousness?
Lenin has clearly showed how reformists ( and even « revolutionaries » of the Trotskyite sort) come near to the partial struggle as opportunists and lackeys of the bourgeoisie.(encore a propos du doema
)
Lenin explain clearly that the fundamental purpose of the class struggle exists in preparing the masses on revolution, make them conscious of their irreconcilable antagonism with the bourgeoisie. Because they are preparing the revolution, the communist party supports only those reforms that strengthen the independence of the working class and her consciousness. The party uses the struggle for reforms to organise the workers in the party.(
)
Lenin writes:
“We must choose”—this is the argument the opportunists have always used to justify themselves, and they are using it now. Big things cannot be achieved at one stroke. We must fight for small but achievable things. How do we know whether they are achievable? They are achievable if the majority of the political parties, or of the most “influential” politicians, agree with them. The larger the number of politicians who agree with some tiny improvement, the easier it is to achieve it. We must not be utopians and strive after big things. We must be practical politicians; we must join in the demand for small things, and these small things will facilitate the fight for the big ones. We regard the small things as the surest stage in the struggle for big things.
That is how all the opportunists, all the reformists, argue; unlike the revolutionaries.
[4]
“There is a social-liberal trend which demands the repeal of the anti-socialist laws, a reduction of the working day, insurance against illness, and so on. A fairly large section of the bourgeoisie supports these demands. Do not repel it by tactless conduct, offer it a friendly hand, support it, and then you will be practical politicians, you will achieve small, but real benefits for the working class, and the only thing that will suffer from your tactics will be the empty words about “revolution”. You cannot make a revolution now, in any case.
One must choose between reaction and reform
[5]
Lenin explained clearly that the fundamental goal of the class struggle is to prepare the masses for the revolution, to make them conscious about their not to conciliate antagonism with the bourgeoisie.
Because she prepares the revolution, the communist party supports only those reforms that strengthens the independence and the consciousness of the working class. The party uses the struggle for reforms to organise the proletariat in the party. It is clear that the party can never support counterrevolutionary reforms of which it is clearly the goal to break the independence and the consciousness of the working class, as it is the case of the « federalising » or « communautarising » of
Belgium.
Lenin writes:

According to the theory of socialism, i.e., of Marxism (non Marxist socialism is not worth serious discussion nowadays), the real driving force of history is the revolutionary class struggle; reforms are a subsidiary product of this struggle, subsidiary because they express unsuccessful attempts to weaken, to blunt this struggle
We pursue an independent policy and put forward only such reforms as are undoubtedly favourable to the interests of the revolutionary struggle, that undoubtedly enhance the independence, class-consciousness and fighting efficiency of the proletariat. Only by such tactics can reforms from above, which are always half-hearted, always hypocritical, and always conceal some bourgeois or police snare, be made innocuous.
Actually, reforms are won as a result of the revolutionary class struggle, as a result of its independence, mass force and steadfastness.
By merging our slogans with those of the reformist bourgeoisie we weak en the cause of revolution
By up holding our old revolutionary slogans in their entirety, we strengthen the actual struggle
All that is false and hypocritical in these reforms we leave to the Cadets; all that is of positive value in them we utilise ourselves.
[6] ()
Working under the masses, lead the class struggle has always to happen with revolution an insurrection in mind. Only that perspective gives to class struggle a proletarian and revolutionary character. Without that perspective the class struggle remains inside the bourgeois system and man is only reaching to « ameliorations »
.
Lenin is saying that a communist has to be capable to work for the revolution, even in the most difficult situations, when openly speaking of revolution is a crime. But even the most banal legal work has to happen always at service of coming revolutionary developments.(la crise du menchevism/ lessons of the
Moscow insurrection.
The defeat makes the revolutionaries hard as steel. They submit their activities to a critical investigation to correct their mistakes and the shortages to victory. For the opportunists the defeat shows that the struggle or the insurrection was premature and they become liquidators of the party and the revolutionary program

Lenin criticised the Russian opportunists in 1905 with the following words:
«
Thus, nothing could be more short-sighted than Plekhanov’s view, seized upon by all the opportunists, that the strike was untimely and should not have been started, and that “they should not have taken to arms”. On the contrary, we should have taken to arms more resolutely, energetically and aggressively; we should have explained to the masses that it was impossible to confine things to a peaceful strike and that a fearless and relentless armed fight was necessary.
[7]»
«
That is why Larin fails to understand the historic progress of the mass struggle of the proletariat signalised by the strike in October 1905 and the uprising in December 1905. Whereas the retrogression of the Russian revolution (temporary, on his own admission) expressed in the necessity of preparatory activity within the limits of the law (trade unions, elections, etc.) he elevates into progress from spontaneous to planned activity, from moods to calculation, etc.
That is why, in place of the moral drawn by a revolutionary Marxist (that instead of a spontaneous political strike we must have a planned political strike, instead of a spontaneous uprising we must have a planned uprising), we find the moral drawn by a renegade-Cadet (instead of the “folly of spontaneity”—strikes and uprisings—we must have systematic submission to the Stolypin laws and a planned deal with the Black-Hundred monarchy)
[8] »
«
People of a philistine, petty-bourgeois type are weary of the revolution. A little, drab, beggarly but peaceful legality is preferable to the stormy alternations of revolutionary outbursts and counter-revolutionary frenzy. Inside the revolutionary parties this tendency is expressed in a desire to reform these parties. Let the philistine become the main nucleus of the party: “the party must be a mars party”. Down with illegality, down with secrecy, which hinders constitutional “progress”! The old revolutionary parties must be legalised. And this necessitates a radical reform of their programmes in two main directions: political and economic. We must drop the demand for a republic and the confiscation of the land, we must discard our clearly defined, uncompromisingly sharp and tangible exposition of the socialist goal and represent socialism as a “remote prospect”, as Mr. Peshekhonov has expressed it with such inimitable grace.
[9]» (…)
4.4.Petty bourgeois deviations
In our party still exist petty bourgeois conceptions that put a brake on revolutionary practice
The developing of a revolutionary practice demands three conditions: develop class struggle and lead it, raise the political consciousness of the masses and organise the vanguard, the advanced part in the party, while bringing together the masses in broad organisations under the leadership of the party. There is always a certain equilibrium between struggle, consciousness and organisation. One of these three aspects can become the most important one in a certain situation.
Practice is the starting point and is staying in the central attention of the activity of the party. We lack often initiative, that can mobilise the masses, that lames the cadres by endless discussions about « the line ».
We can endless discuss with some petty bourgeois about « the criminality among young migrants » and even work out « a line about this ». But to what lead this? What is the use of all this? To which practice does it lead? It is better to organise activists who accept to work under young migrants, to bring them an alternative for drugs and little criminality and give them formation about the relation between drugs, capitalism and repression
()
The party produces an enormous pile of documents and texts. But during debates organised by the party, most members and cadres remain passive, they don
t do interventions about fundamental political points, they don t do anything to mobilise the masses and to put the people present to activity. It is logical that, when one is standing in front of unknown or hostile public and one stays passive, you give the initiative to the bourgeoisie. It shows that the inside work is not teaching how to convince the masses or how to organise them. But this are fundamental tasks for a communist.
Lenin said about similar situations: « the movement of the revolutionary action can deteriorate to a movement of the word. »(
).
Which attitude do we have against what the bourgeoisie calls « the riots oft the young immigrants »? Of course we accuse the filthy reactions in the media. But that is what every petty bourgeois can do. The communists throw themselves in the practice and in the struggle, at the side of the most oppressed masses. Our most important just has to be, to help them to organise themselves for to struggle, offer resistance, to let the world know about their situation and their points of view, and to get a socialist consciousness. Our most important task is not « work out the line « to give an answer to petty bourgeois, but at the other hand to work out a policy for the practice among the oppressed. The spontaneous reactions of some members and cadres are coloured by prejudges.
When there were « riots » in 1927 under the peasants of
Hunan, Mao went there to do some investigation. He wrote: « From the middle social strata upwards to the Kuomintang right-wingers, there was not a single person who did not sum up the whole business in the phrase, Its terrible! Under the impact of the views of the Its terrible! school then flooding the city, even quite revolutionary minded people became down-hearted as they pictured the events in the countryside in their minds eye; and they were unable to deny the word terrible. Even quite progressive people said, Though terrible, it is inevitable in a revolution. In short, nobody could altogether deny the word terrible. But, as already mentioned, the fact is that the great peasant masses have risen to fulfil their historic mission and that the forces of rural democracy have risen to overthrow the forces of rural feudalism.
[10]»
«
Every revolutionary party and every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide. There are three alternatives. To march at their head and lead them? To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing? Or to stand in their way and oppose them? Every Chinese is free to choose, but events will force you to make the choice quickly.
[11] »

In a (very summarized) conclusion of the first chapter there is made an dialectical approach of the importance of the practice, the role of the theory, which kind of practice is most important (class struggle), the link between political line and organisation conceptions:

« Practice and struggle, without political work round fundamental points of the communist program, without organisation lead only to impasse and failures. »

Where here above I think that there are formulated CORRECT statements and conclusions, although there is some « opportunist« contamination, the text of which I will make a (first and restricted) analyse of conceptions out of chapter III, part 3 in « Party of the Revolution »
I consider this as a REVISIONIST text, proposed and voted by the majority(included me!) on the 5th congress of the WP in 1995..
I will analyse the whole text of chapter III, part 3 (in « Party of the Revolution ») further when I come to that chapter, but I will now just give an example of at totally other conception of the role of the communist party, that contradict with the conceptions here above. (see next article).


[1] You can read here about it, in the article before.

[2] Read here the analyse of the introductory chapter of the book « Party of the Revolution ».

[3] Mao Zedong, « Over de practijk », uit « Filosofische essays », uitgeverij EPO, Antwerpen 1978, p 10, 14 en 1/ Out of « SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I »,From Marx to Mao ML © Digital Reprints 2006 / 2007, « ON PRACTICE - On the Relation Between Knowledge and Practice, Between Knowing and Doing, July 1951 », p. 297, 300, 304..

[4] Encore a propos du ministere de la Douma, in Oeuvres Deel 11,Editions sociales Parijs,Editions du Progrès Moskou, 1966, p.65 / Out of “Once Again About the Duma Cabinet”, Published: Ekho, No. 6, June 28, 1906. Published according to the Ekho text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1965, Moscow, Volume 11, pages 69-73. Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2004). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

[5] ibidem, p.66-67

[6] ibidem, p. 67-68.

[7] Leniin, « Les enseignements de l‘insurrections de Moscou, in Oeuvres Deel 11, Editions sociales Parijs, Editions du Progrès Moscou, 1966, p. 439./ « Lessons of the Moscow Uprising » Published: Proletary, No. 2, August 29, 1900. Published according to the Proletary text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1965, Moscow, Volume 11, pages 171-178. Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2000). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

[8] Lenin, « La crise du mechanism », in Oeuvres Deel 11, Editions sociales Parijs, Editions du Progrès Moscou, 1966, p. 346. / V. I. Lenin, « The Crisis of Menshevism », Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2000). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

[9] Lenin, « L‘esprit petit bourgeois dans les milieux révolutionaires« , in Oeuvres deel 11, Edtitions sociales Parijs, editions du Progrès, Moscou, 1966, p. 25./ « Philistinism in Revolutionary Circles », Published: Proletary, No. 6, October 29, 1906. Published according to the Proletary text. Source: Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1965, Moscow, Volume 11, pages 246-256. Public Domain: Lenin Internet Archive (2004). “Marxists Internet Archive”.

[10] Mao Zedong, « Rapport sur l’enquete menée dans le Hunan a propos du movement paysan » , in Oeuvres choisie Deel 1,éditions en langues étrangères, Bejing, 1967, p.25-26 / « INVESTIGATION OF PEASANT MOVEMENT IN HUNAN »,SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I, p. 26-27From Marx to Mao ML © Digital Reprints 2006 / 2007.

[11] Mao Zedong, « Rapport sur l’enquete menée dans le Hunan a propos du movement paysan » , in Oeuvres choisie Deel 1,éditions en langues étrangères, Bejing, 1967, p.22 / « INVESTIGATION OF PEASANT MOVEMENT IN HUNAN »,SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I, p. 24, From Marx to Mao ML © Digital Reprints 2006 / 2007.